Abstract

The increasing frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, driven by climate change, pose significant challenges to the safety, functionality, and longevity of civil infrastructure systems worldwide. Floods, hurricanes, heatwaves, droughts, wildfires, and severe storms have exposed vulnerabilities in transportation networks, water systems, energy infrastructure, and urban facilities, resulting in substantial economic losses and societal disruptions. This review examines current approaches to enhancing resilience and adaptation in civil infrastructure, with a particular focus on design and management strategies aimed at mitigating the impacts of extreme weather events. The review explores major climate-related hazards and their effects on infrastructure performance, highlighting the importance of vulnerability assessment and risk-informed decision-making. Key resilient design strategies are discussed, including the use of climate-resilient materials, adaptive engineering standards, nature-based solutions, and system redundancy to improve infrastructure robustness and recovery capacity. The review also evaluates adaptation and risk management approaches such as climate risk assessment frameworks, lifecycle asset management, emergency preparedness, and resilience planning. Furthermore, the role of emerging technologies, including the Internet of Things, digital twins, artificial intelligence, and real-time monitoring systems, is examined for their potential to support proactive infrastructure management and predictive maintenance. Finally, the review identifies critical challenges related to economic constraints, policy implementation, governance, and uncertainty in climate projections, while outlining future research directions and opportunities for developing more adaptive, sustainable, and resilient infrastructure systems. Strengthening infrastructure resilience is essential for safeguarding communities, supporting sustainable development, and enhancing societal capacity to withstand future climate-related disruptions.