Abstract:

Advanced biosensors for real-time detection of atmospheric pollutants represent a significant breakthrough in environmental monitoring, offering rapid, sensitive, and selective analysis of harmful substances in the air. These innovative devices integrate biological recognition elements such as enzymes, antibodies, aptamers, or microbial cells with advanced transducers, enabling the detection of pollutants like volatile organic compounds (VOCs), nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO₂), ozone (O₃), and particulate matter (PM) with high specificity and low detection limits. Unlike traditional methods that are often time-consuming, expensive, and require laboratory settings, biosensors provide on-site, continuous monitoring capabilities, making them ideal for applications in urban air quality assessment, industrial emission control, and environmental research. The incorporation of nanomaterials, microfluidics, and wireless communication technologies has further enhanced their performance, facilitating real-time data acquisition and remote monitoring. Moreover, their adaptability to portable and wearable formats broadens their utility in personal exposure monitoring and public health protection. The challenges related to sensor stability, environmental interference, and calibration, ongoing advancements in biosensor design, material science, and data analytics promise to overcome these limitations, positioning advanced biosensors as pivotal tools in the proactive management of air pollution and the mitigation of its impacts on human health and the environment.