The Impact Of CSR Initiatives On The Development Of Rural Areas In India: A Conceptual Study

Brundaban Panda¹ , Rinki Mishra² , N V J Rao³

¹Research Scholar, School of Management Studies, GIET University, Gunupur,

²Assistant Professor and Supervisor, Faculty of Management Studies, Parul University, Vadodara

³Registrar and Supervisor, School of Management Studies, GIET University, Gunupur

Corresponding Author Email: rinki.mishra0924@gmail.com

Abstract

Keywords

Download this article as:

The vast majority of India’s poorest people live in neglected, underdeveloped villages with poor people.The difficulties of poor health, hunger, high mortality, ignorance, and illiteracy are acute in most rural areas.This is due to the scarcity of material resources and flaws in the working and economic investment plans.Indian govt. has the potential to deal with the rural areachallenges. But, the efforts of the government of India are not enough to anticipate the citizens’ basic needs.It isan increasing extentacknowledgedthat the growth and benefit of the general public is the government’s liability and the participation of numerousnewapplicants in achieving the development design.The companies have a decisive role in ensuring that personal assets flow to the rural areas that are so far being expelled from the progress and will generally assist the rural area’ssustainable development.

During the last few years, the role of corporate sectors in changing globalization and the importance of environmental issues has changed the functions of the company sectors in a broad societalframework where it seems tooperate. The corporate sectors consider them as a community component and act as thesocially responsibletechniqueto facilitate transcends economicalachievement (ASSOCHAM and KPMG, 2018).While the effect of the shift from revenue to income to society’s responsibility, numerous corporations support the concept’Corporate Social Responsibility.’ This is fundamentally a perception in which the companyhas willingly participated in society to build it improved and more environmentally friendly (The European Commission-2021). In general, CSR is a company committed to improving the quality of life of employers, their families, the local community and the community, better for business and development.According tothe World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD-1999),”Corporate social responsibility ability is the non-ethical use of business and co-operation in economic development as well as improving the lives of workers and their families and local people, local community and society”.

Thus, CSR has twice as much significanceon the one hand, which behaves badly in the direction of its domestic and outside partners. Alternatively, it refers to the company’s responsibility to the working for society and the environment. CSR is considered aninstrumentby this thecorporatebring incrediblechanges in the social order. Thisprovidesan inventivesolution to the environment and social challengehowever the task of the increasedskilled and tradesociety is to recognizethe areas of CSR priority and intervention that are significant in the development ofthe rural sector. Thus, it is necessary to revise and recognize how the commercialenterpriseutilizes CSR measures and impactsCSR work on the social and economical development of the rural community.The paper is separated into several parts and seeks to initiate the CSR practice in the corporate sectors in the first section. It explains the current study, which comprises the study’s purpose, method, and limitations. The third section discusses the existing state of CSR and company interests and afterwards, the section discusses the challenges of CSR, and the department concludes its sixth study.

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

• To understand andstudy the CSR measures taken by the industriesto developthe rural area.
• They are examining corporate sectors’ approaches toward their work andhow they implement CSR steps to work.
• We are assessing the impact of CSR activities on socio-economic rural India development.

SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The research capacity is partial to the model of CSR in our country.
How the organizations are express feel about it also work in the direction ofsuitable to it.This also focuses on finding out the framework’s solution on CSR and its impact on the evolution of Indian rural areas.

METHODOLOGY

Thispaper was carried out mainly using secondary party information. The data are collectedfrom the yearly report of the MHRD, the MoE, the Economic review, the essay also the assessment of eminent writersavailable in the international and national journals.

LIMITATIONS

This paper has mainly limitedbecause the study focused only on a small sample of companies in India. Second, printings, information collected from literature, the company’s website, and any preliminary data from stakeholders through interviews or surveys have not been collected directly.

THE CONCEPT OF CSR

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is integrated into business practices for policies, practices and programs. It is considered important for decision-making processes, where companies do business and include current and future performance. It includes CSR to address society’s permissible, ethical, commercial, and furtherprospects for business and properly balance all important stakeholders’ demands. CSR aims to achieve that unique value and business success by respecting community, society and the usualsurroundings. It explains “what do you do, how do you do it, and when and what you say.” Many types of words are used interchangeably in CSR. These comprise corporate responsibility, company ethics, commercial citizenship, stability, and corporate liability. Topics covered by the industries CSR focal point include dimensions as large, medium and small, sectors like financial institutions, infrastructures contributors, textiles producers, agricultural manufacturers, shop market vendors, etc.CSR generally covers trade issues, environment, development of the community, human rights, control, market space, and the place of work in its broadest category.

NEED OF CSR IN INDIA

The welfare of the beneficiaries and the activities of the manager of everycommercial organization must be presiding over by the rules of the economy, which requiressufficient monetary returnson the investment. Still, in authenticity, the work of aventure must be governed by a large place. The goals are distinct according to the CSR word.Extensive arguments for a noveledge of mind intended forcorporate decision-making that builds and supports the social responsibility of an organization, an industry has many reimbursements from society, through which the industry has to pay back to society too.The above points form part of anindustryor any organization for the better healthiness and well-being of the general publicthat is a part of it. Most significantly, in theera of modern technology,information &transparency, consumers of manufactured goods or services will not be aware ofpleasingtrade from an ethically and socially expected organization.

CSR in India:

The globe has created a complete sphere to emphasize thethought of CSR throughout an expression of the principles of responsibility for the society of the organizations. The tendency is not the same in India. M K Gandhi, the leading figure in the cause of India’s independence from British rule, was a man who was ahead of his time in many respects.He explains the ownership of capital was inspired by the fundamental sociological beliefs ofthe industrialist with a prospect to handlethe resources which should generally be observed as a shape of trust by society. In June 2008, the Times Foundation conducted a survey to providean appreciation of the roles of corporate sectors towards CSR.Thislearning found that more than 90 percent of India’s foremost companies are surveyed and involved in the CSR practice. Research has shown that the industries owned in private are more concernedwith CSR actionsrather than the government and the public sector organization. The key areas in which corporate sectors are involved are education, health, women’s empowerment, environment, and livelihood promotion (S Ghosh and PK Ghosh, 2011).

PRESENT STATUS OF CSR IN INDIA

CSR hasbeen practised in India Since 2013. Corporations like NALCO, Aditya Birla Group, Tata Group, ONGC and Oil Corporation of India have only some names concerned about helpingsociety from the beginning. Several organizationsaretaken responsibility for the community through contributions and donation activities.Today in India, CSR has only come closer to donation and donation in a structuredmodel. It has been converted into an integral part of business strategy.All the sectors have an efficient and well-organized CSR team that formulates specific policy, strategy, and goal towards CSR work and setsawaymoney to carry out the same. The planis in severalcases arebasedon a precise social beliefandvery closely related to the company’s trade knowledge.The employees are empowered by this creativity and take their point in time and put it to their ability to execute.

CSR plan can choose from the holistic progress of a society to support a definite cause such as education, healthcare, the surroundings, etc.The following are the best practices for Indian companies associated with CSR:

• Reliance Industries and private companies like Mahindra and Mahindra have long been concernedabout CSR actions. Reliance Industry has launched a scheme called “Project-View” to reverse the eyes of blind Indian people from the cost-effectively weaker segment of the society. The mission has so far claimed the lives of more than 5,000 people. Mahindra and Mahindra launched a unique type of ESOP-employee social option. Mahindra employees were able to engage themselves in the full range of socially responsible activities of their choice.
• Public sector companies such as NALCO spend 2% of their net profit, ONGC, Indian Oil Corporation, and SAIL spend 0.75 to 1% of the gross profit on CSR events. In 2007-08, the oil PSU used up Rs 246.70 Cores on CSR measures ONGC’s CSR plan focused on the education for higher studies, scholarship grants, support for low-income youth students in the community, facilities for school construction, and more. SAIL has taken successful action in environmental protection, health and medical services, education, women’s empowerment and drinking water supply.
• The training camps have been organized by Infosys Foundation for poor women and orphanages on a priority of education. Also, it hascontributed $ 6.8 million to the flood-hit regions of Karnataka. This mission is a replicafor the development of sustainable livelihood. Also include building2,541 houses for flood sufferers in Belgaum, Gulbarga, Bagalkot, Karwar Dharwad, Bijapur and Gadag. They started theerection of 10,000 houses in the diffidentareas of Karnataka, and exertion is underway.
• Glaxo Smith Kine Pharmaceuticals “CSR programs focus mainly on health and wellness. Their works in the ethnicvillagewherever they are providedhealth check-ups and treatments, healthiness camps and wellbeingconsciousness programs. The company also provides wealth, medication, and apparatus to the non-profitable institute that works to improve education and health in the non-protected community.
• Indian Airlines and BHEL have been commended for theirEfforts in Disaster Management andreceived 56 rural communities with about 80,000.

Indian corporate sectors take care of CSR method to enlarge the big business. India is deficient inexpertstaffing and existing institutions do not have the slightest patience for job training for newborns. GCPL rolls out ‘project victory’ for large-scale exploitation Young people are trained for their needs. Others are guaranteed to work in other companies with an average salary of between Rs 5,000-7,000. More than 4,500 students have been trained, about 30-40% of whom are located in areas such as FMCG auction, agricultural sale, and hospitality, safety measures, and trade. Even though the program is accessibleat no cost of charge, GCPL preserves 90% of the bench who will receive a course certificate at the end. “There has been a dramatic change in individual confidence after receiving the certificate. It also creates a lot of positive ‘face-to-face’ about GCPL,” Rahul Gama said, VP (HR), (N.Singh, 2012), GCPL who is set to set up a prospect preparedauctioninstitute. From the essentialcommuniquéskill to personal development and client,interfacestudentsaretrained how to transactionwith anauction call with customers. The scheme has been launched in three developed states like Odisha, Madhya Pradeshand Chhattisgarh which will be extended up to 10 to 12 states in the subsequent few time. GCPL is not the singlecorporation in the role of CSR utilizing a clear trade purpose in intellect. There are other corporateare functioning in CSR for industry profit which is(M&M) Mahindra Mahindra,(HUL) Hindustan Unilever, Mariko and (P&G) Procter & Gamble. The M&M irrigation projectcovers 32 rural communities in the district of Damoh in Madhya Pradesh and has set up the main target of soil, water, and environmental protection. The said dam is cover-up about 10,000 hectares with 4,000 families and 20,000 populace. The project is expected to double its gross domestic product (TRUE Volunteer Foundation, 2010). NALCO in Odisha has also included 48 villages in the Koraput district and 18 peripheral villages for targeted development and peripheral development.So the question is what is there for M&M that determination covers all the organization and costs of the CSR project? “Farmers in the area are expected to buy tractors for farming and farmers will receive micro-irrigation for their land. As the project involves high-level construction, local entrepreneurs will be able to buy construction materials and work on the projects,” Commercial vehicles are expected to be purchased. M&M (Forbes India, 2012) Anirban Ghose, VP, Said Planning the Strategy and New Development of Business, Equipment on Agricultural, Equipment Sectors. And while following CSR, it has to improve the sales of the S&B tractor and its other types of equipment.Several private and public corporations observe CSR as a high-qualityperformancethat will ultimately help get better sales. P&G’ Shikha’ has been formed to connect its central part reason (providing educational facilities to deprived kids) with the business in its eighth year. With aneffortlessprocure; Sikhs empower customers to drive societaltransform.”Like the other Practical and Gamble (P&G) brands, Shiksha is a resource with a dedicated team.This step helps to drive trials for all our brands “Our latest customer study tells us that 51% of consumers who are aware of Shikha are influenced by P&G product purchases, which will help them in this regard,” a P&G spokesperson said. Similarly, the CSR initiative of Marico’s, associated with the Nihar Shanti-Amla, proposes that at eachpoint in time a femalepurchases a Nihar container, here 2% of her income canbe spent on the education of the children.The scheme will provide funding for 19 ventures in Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, and other country areas, wherevereveryscheme will arrive at 25-30 rural communitiesin this geographical area. This move is predicted to bring a bunch of sympathy amongstthe targeted groups, particularlyin the Hindi heart, where the standardliteracy rate is to some extent lower. Optimistic Rab-offs force not is limited en route for brands “It simply came to our notice then said by CEO of Marico, S. Gupta. For those organizations that started functioning on CSR with industrypurposeof a decade ago, theirconsequences are observable. HUL was launched as a rural allocationprogram in some communities of Andhra Pradesh in 2000, now a day it has 45,000 ‘Shakti-Amma’ in added than 15 regions. While it is profitable for business, it does imitate the prosperity of the countryside Energy, understandably understands, HUL’s 15% contribution to rural tradeof nowadays is over Rs 1,500 cores. CSR like a big business is by now an established concept that the business of CSR is meaningful. This has made clear in a statement issued by J. Tata in 1895, where he said, “We do not claim to be more selfish, more generous or more charitable than others, but we think we are sound and simple.” “The business interests of our partners, the health and well-being of us and our employees are the keys to a prosperous business.” As a firm that accepts CSR as a business strategy, it has to pay the same attention to financial returns as it does to fulfill its social and environmental responsibilities, known as the triple bottom line. Corporatesectors aim to harmonize ecologicalfactors by dipping the unfavorable effects of theirbusiness activities and encouragingenvironmentalperformance.To constructsocietalassets in the neighborhood, a business group too involved its management officers in societal activities and expectant employees to contribute to their ability with others and effort with the public based institute. Companies need to keep in mind their social and non-moral responsibilities for employees, customers, partners, the limitedpopulation and society.

CSR Challenges:

Presently there are many challenges to implementations of CSR are calculated as follows:

• Lack of consciousness on CSR:There is very little public attention intake part in or participating in CSR actions of organizations. This is because companies have slight or no information of CSR the circumstancesare exacerbated by the lack of communiquéamong CSR-affiliated organizations and the grassroots.
• Local capability:Non-governmental organizations in certain areas need capacity building because there is a severe shortage of qualified and influential establishmentstoimplement CSR activities initiated by various companies.
• Lack of transparency: This is a major issue for corporation sectors, as small companies that lack transparency are not making enough effort to reveal information about the agenda, audit problems, impact assessments and the use of resources. It has a detrimental effect on the power and trust-building process within organizations that is crucial to achievingseveral CSR schemes.
• NGOs and Lack of managerial setup:A small number of non-government organizations in the centre and in the countryside can review the needs ofsociety and effort with the organization to achieve the CSR goals.
• Factors of Visibility:The function of the different media in creating an excellentpresentation of effective CSR actions will spread the good quality story and make the inhabitants sensitive to the various ongoing CSR programs of the organizations. The visibilities and brandwork outescortnumerousNGOs to engage in experience baseplan. In this procedure, they are frequently deprived of the meaning and purpose of the grassroots level of meaning.
• Narrow discernment:NGOs and government agencies generally view CSR initiatives by corporate sectors, often interpreting CSR schemes as a contributor drive. As theconsequence, it is difficult to decide whether or not corporate ought tocontributeto CSR actions for a small or extended time.
• Lack of CSR guiding principle and action:Organizations have no statutory guidelines or policy directives to direct CSR action. The CSR measures of the companies depend mainly on their business size and profile. This means that the bigger the company, the bigger its CSR activity
• Lack of consent:Lack of consent to executethe agency and stakeholdersconcerning CSR actions. And with the purpose of leads to repetition of actions by the company and incompetence. This creates a determined environment amongst the executinggroupquite than forming a mutual approach. This confines the corporation’s ability to evaluate its activities at regular intervals.

Prominent and respected organizations need such a corporate social responsibility campaign that has the potential to change the face and features of rural India in the field of education, healthcare, sport, culture, politics, employment and the neglected important sectors. Empowerment will encourage them to be alive independently and respectfully.For which they can be worthy because of an important and integral part of the society.

CSR AS A FUTURE BUSINESS STRATEGY

As individualsnowadays are talking about doing corporate social work, Tata Group believes it is worth the watch. But we are not sure how to spend partners’ capital and consider closing corporate CSR of the companies in Western countries.”It’s good for them, but not for a country like India. Western governments have a social security net to focus on corporate profits and regular taxes, but India is lagging,” Irani said. In India, we are far away from the organism at the phase of socio-economic growth, whereas the government is exclusively responsible for the fundamentalrequirements of the people. We do not have sufficienteducation services, healthcare, and social security.So, the business house needs to approach ahead and fill in existing blanks by now. “It simply came to our notice then in any society; there is a section that benefits and enriches more than others, leading to inequality and poverty”. In the same instance, if the corporate does not hold upto the ordinary people, one can see that companies depart this life.TISCO would not be trading with the corporation in the future, which does not guarantee the CSR standards of the companies. According to B Muthuraman, Managing Director of Tata Steel Limited (TISCO), in July 2014,at the annual general meeting of the Madras Chamber of Commerce and Industry; he declared, “We would not buy or sell enterprises that do not match Tata Steel’s socially responsible standards,”

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

CSR POLICIES AND INITIATIVES

Studies have shown that each oneinvestigatedcorporationsin attendance to an in a social contextand responsible company to managing CSR policy and practice. Many organizations discuss CSR viewpoint, environmental and non-technical intention into their assignment,statement, managerial policies and procedure. Although everysurvey organizations have CSR objectives and policy; there is no correlation between the industry’splan and development objective. Many companies are pleasing CSRactions for rural India development. The majorities of them work on education as its lists the top priorities of the corporation;go after by health and livelihoods. It has been originated that some companies are taking CSR measures in infrastructure and the environment, including tree planting, awareness-raising on environmental issues, and so on.

APPROACH TOWARDS MODES OF ACTION AND THE WORK:

• The CSR approaches adopted by the companies is worrying because they should not be done, instead most corporation hasimplemented CSR as their generallybig businessplan. Consequently, they accomplished the goals of equal social development and the business.Their move towardeffort is not primarily about welfare,assistance and overhaulrelief, but about sustainable development, with a long termreimbursement. NALCO, Vedanta Alumina Limited, Dr Reddy’s Lab, Tata Steel, SAIL, Bharat Petroleum, Ambuja Cement Limited, and Lupine India promote social development and global human rights through scarcitymitigation by increasing the rural India capacity.Effective poverty alleviation or adequate development rather than unintentional assistance does not result in an agricultural scheme, land cultivation and tree planting program, sapling conservation scheme, water reuse program, the set up of healthcare and education centers, adult education, literacy plan and praisesystem. Asia Paints and Aditya Birla Group Management Trust are functioning in the direction of the perception.CSR interference by the IT sectorslikeWIPRO, HCL and Infosys which operate through financial assistance, assets and facilities, is the essence of nature.

The study found that most companies implement CSR programs for rural development through four types of institutions:

• Own (i) CSR activities, (ii) human resources departments (iii) CSR actionsput into practicehonestly by the corporationthrough local management of the production unit;
• The Initiatives are implemented through a foundation;
• Initiatives through partnerships with NGOs, academic institutions, national and international agencies;
• Through the government partnership and collaborations

IMPACT OF CSR INITIATIVES IN RURAL PEOPLE

The impact of the CSR program, reflected in the samples of some of India’s leading companies, was categorized into five categories: livelihood, education, health, infrastructure and environment.

LIVELIHOOD

DrReddys Foundation hasput into practice the Rural-LABS program in a joint venture with the Department of the Rural Development.Indian government aims to afford 35,000 occupations to rural inhabitants aged 18-25 in seven backward states of the country. The employment program holds up by Bharat Petroleum shows that members of the SHG group get Rs. 2000 per month income. NALCO encourage the villagers for their income source programs and supports the skill development program for their livelihood.

HEALTH

The study also found that many organizations run several health camps to create health awareness, such as transplants, blood donations, water distillationmedicine, etc. By 2008, SAIL had run 267 healthiness camps, benefiting over 4.5 million rural communities. Vedanta Alumina Ltd has enclosed 53 communities with 32,000 populations, providing free-of-chargemedicines, tablets, medical appointment services, etc. through the mobile health unit of Langigarh (Odisha). The Tata Steel Family Initiative Foundation (TSFIF) has set up a ‘Lifeline Express’hospice on the helm that has assisted more than 50,000 long-suffering in diffident states like Odisha, Jharkhandand Chhattisgarh. NALCO set up a COVID health centre at Nowrangpur during the pandemic and mobile health camps are organized in the peripheral villages.

EDUCATION

Aditya Birla Group runs 26 formal schools and provides properlearning to 62,000 kidsalive in close areas. PSU like SAIL helps about 138 different schools in nearby areas of its plant/unit of the country somewhereadditional 80,000 kids are educated (Kumar, 2008).HCL works with NGOs, weeping for the social betterment of deprived kids. Likewise, WIPRO’s Foundation by Azim Premji is also concernedwith educating the needy. The establishment of the HCL of the Shiva Nadar Foundation, an educational infrastructure for poor students in primary, secondary and higher education has helped rural children to get a formal education and higher education. NALCO took a major step to establish schools in the township and peripheral villages.

ENVIRONMENT

Sustainable development requires efficient and effective steps to achieve what is lacking in nature for sustainable development. Several Indian corporations arefunctioning on Plantation, waste-management, irrigation plans, air stream farms, etc. Such as, PSUslike SAIL havealso far planted 13.5 million trees in plant areas and mines areas. For the past four years, the sustainable water management program of Ambuja Cement Limited’s Water Wide Development Program has been a top priority.To date, the Coca-Cola India industry has water initiative improved the lives of over 1, 40,000 populace and raised consciousness of the significance of water preservationamongst millions of citizens. NALCO supported the govt. for environmental development and green cities, also gives priority in plantations.

INFRASTRUCTURE

As the surveyed companies, only a handful of companies provide infrastructure facilities such as road construction, electricity, schools, health centers, water facilities, sanitation, community centers, etc. Human Welfare and Research Foundation plan of the Lupine covers 38,000 rural communities in Rajasthan and most of the villageinclude school structure, water pond, connecting road,supply of drinking water, development of community centers and electricity supply to all. SAIL is engaged for the structure and maintains 33 km of paved roads every time, providing modern infrastructure to about two lakh people in 435 villages. The support of youth clubs, community centers, sports compex, and water supply is the major steps of NALCO

CORPORATE SCOCIAL RESPONSIBLITY

*Conceptual Model Develop by Researcher

CONCLUSION

Although corporate sectors are building strenuous attemptsto develop the rural area, various reviewers are still surprised by the purpose behind the CSR concept and all the steps companies take. Some peopleargue that CSR includes some good intentions such as creating a profit as a substituteforbenefitwhereas others believe it differently.The authenticity is that CSR is not anapproach for brand name building.On the other hand, it generates well-being and branding amongstthehuman resources and the rural customers engaging in actions that help the humanity in the solitary way or another append to the well-being of a corporation.

CSR is everyone’s responsibilityi.e. the cause of business company, administration, persons: wealth is earned only from the public and consequently it be supposed to be returned; Such funds are intended for self-employment and public use; The main purpose following all forms of a deal is to alleviate the desire of humanity; The purpose of all industry is to help the publiclivelihood in the rural region.CSR should not be used lightly – it is the core of every business and should be applied to workers and consumers.

Consequently, CSR is appropriatefor the fastest growing and most spirited sector in terms of tapping rural areas in India as a marketplace and adopting CSR such as anindustry strategy. This case is being re-assigned to another judge, and the case is being re-assigned to another judge.Being a good corporate citizen is more and more important to business success. The key is to keep up with the expectations and priorities of the public and be involved in the development and success of rural development that takes hours.

References:

1. Arora, B. and Puranik. (2004), “A Review of Corporate Social Responsibility in Indian Development” Vol: 47 (3), pp.93-100.
2. Belal, A.T. (2001), “A Study of Corporate Social Disclosures in Bangladesh”, ManagementAuditing Journal, 16 (5), pp.274-288.
3. Conway, C.(2003), “Tracking Health and Well-being in Goa’s Mining Belt”, Case Study 5, Ecosystem Approach to Human Health, International Development Research Centre, Canada.
4. Chappel, M. and Moon, J.(2005), “Corporate Social Responsibility(CSR) in Asia: A Seven country study of CSR”, Business and Society,44(4), pp415-441.
5. Dutta, K. and Durgamohan, M. (2009), “Corporate Social Strategy: Relevance and pertinence in the Indian Context”.
6. European Commission, (2021), “Promoting a European Framework for Corporate social responsibility”.
7. Ghosh J. (2003), Strategy for Development”, Frontline Vol. 20, No, 18, India.
8. Goyal S.K. (1996), Political Economy of India’s Economic Reforms”, Working Paper of the Institute for Studies in Industrial Development (ISID), New Delhi, India.
9. IIMK. World Business Council for Sustainable Development (1999) “Corporate Social Responsibility: Meeting Changing Expectation” WBCSD Publication P.3 Green Switzerland.
10. KPMG & ASSOCHAM (2018), “Corporate Social Responsibility-Towards a Sustainable Future”.
11. Khanna, P. Gupta, G., Bahra, B.,2011 ‘Status of Corporate Social Responsibility: in Indian Context’. APJRBM, Volume 2, Issue 1.
12. Pradhan, S. & Ranjan, A.’ Corporate Social Responsibility in Rural Development Sector: Evidence from India’. RITES LTD. (A Government of India Enterprise).
13. Pednekar. Mahesh C., ‘Corporate Social Responsibility & Business Strategy – A Case Study on the Tata Group under Mr Ratan Tata’.
14. Srinivasan T.N. and S. D. Tendulkar (2003);”Reintegrating India with the World Economy.” Washington, D.C.: Institute for International Economics.
15. Sherlekar S.A. (1999), Ethics and Management, Mumbai: Himalaya Publishing House.
16. Save the Children Sweden (2007), Corporate Social Responsibility and Children’s Rights in South Asia.
17. TERI (2001) “Understanding and Encouraging Corporate Social Responsibility in South Asia”, Altered Images the 2001 state of corporate responsibility in India poll, p.11.
18. Verma, S. and Chauhan. (2007):”Role of Corporate Social Responsibility in Developing Economics” International Marketing & Society.
19. Google: http://www.google.co.in
20. NALCO website: http://nalcoindia.com
21. Academia: http://www.academia.edu