Abstract:

The rapid evolution of smart materials, driven by advances in nanotechnology, is reshaping sustainable technological development across energy, environmental, biomedical, and infrastructure sectors. Next-generation smart materials exhibit adaptive, self-regulating, and multifunctional properties that enable dynamic responses to environmental stimuli, thereby improving performance efficiency and reducing resource consumption. Integrating nanoscale engineering with sustainability principles has facilitated the creation of materials that support renewable energy generation, environmental remediation, energy-efficient construction, and circular material use. However, challenges related to scalability, environmental safety, lifecycle management, and regulatory frameworks remain barriers to widespread industrial adoption. This review critically examines recent developments in nanotechnology-enabled smart materials, highlights their emerging role in sustainability-driven applications, evaluates current technological and environmental challenges, and outlines future research pathways aimed at achieving resilient, low-impact, and environmentally responsible material systems for global sustainable development.